俄語(yǔ)翻譯也同其他文體的翻譯一樣，在語(yǔ)法結構、運用規則、表達習慣以及修辭特點(diǎn)等方面都存在著(zhù)許多差別，下面世聯(lián)翻譯公司為大家分享俄語(yǔ)翻譯的方法有哪些?

　　Like the translation of other styles, Russian translation has many differences in grammatical structure, application rules, expression habits and rhetorical characteristics. What are the methods of Russian translation?

　　1.詞類(lèi)轉換譯法

　　1. Part of speech translation

　　俄漢這兩種語(yǔ)言，在詞匯的構成和造句的習慣上，存在著(zhù)比較大的差異。如果機械地按照原文的詞類(lèi)來(lái)進(jìn)行俄語(yǔ)翻譯，會(huì )使譯文不倫不類(lèi)，這時(shí)就可以采用詞類(lèi)轉換譯法。所謂詞類(lèi)轉換譯法，就是用概念相同而類(lèi)別不同的漢語(yǔ)譯詞來(lái)翻譯原詞。詞類(lèi)轉換譯法在翻譯理論上已被公認為一種通用的、重要的翻譯技巧。

　　There are great differences between Russian and Chinese in vocabulary composition and sentence making habits. If the Russian translation is carried out mechanically according to the parts of speech of the original text, it will make the translation nondescript. At this time, the part of speech conversion translation method can be adopted. The so-called part of speech translation method is to use Chinese translated words with the same concept but different categories to translate the original words. Part of speech translation has been recognized as a general and important translation skill in translation theory.

　　2.代換譯法

　　2. Substitution translation

　　俄漢語(yǔ)言的構造、表達習慣和修辭特點(diǎn)不同。在表達同一內容時(shí)，兩種語(yǔ)言可能用不同的語(yǔ)言手段。所謂代換譯法，就是指在進(jìn)行俄語(yǔ)翻譯時(shí)可采用一些與原文不同的語(yǔ)言手段，去代換原文中不能硬譯的語(yǔ)言形式，以求明確通順地表達原文的意義。需要注意的是，代換只是語(yǔ)言形式的交換，而不是內容的隨意改變。

　　The structure, expression habits and rhetorical characteristics of Russian and Chinese languages are different. When expressing the same content, two languages may use different language means. The so-called substitution translation method means that in Russian translation, some language means different from the original text can be used to replace the language forms that cannot be hard translated in the original text, so as to express the meaning of the original text clearly and smoothly. It should be noted that substitution is only the exchange of language forms, not the random change of content.

　　3.加減詞譯法

　　3. Translation of addition and subtraction words

　　俄漢這兩種語(yǔ)言詞匯的含義范圍、使用習慣不同，兩個(gè)民族的表情達意方式也有所區別，所以翻譯的目的就是力求譯文與原文在意義和精神實(shí)質(zhì)上對等，而不必、也不可能使譯文和原文在詞量上相當，這是加減詞譯法的基礎。

　　The meaning range and usage habits of Russian and Chinese words are different, and the expression ways of the two nations are also different. Therefore, the purpose of translation is to strive for the equivalence between the translation and the original in meaning and spirit, without and impossible to make the translation and the original equivalent in word quantity, which is the basis of addition and subtraction word translation.

　　(1)加詞譯法。所謂加詞，就是在進(jìn)行俄語(yǔ)翻譯時(shí)根據具體情況，增加一些原文中無(wú)其形而有其意的詞，以便準確表達原意，使譯文文理通順，符合漢語(yǔ)的行文規范和表達習慣。加詞譯法有很多種，例如緩和加詞、限制加詞、補充加詞、過(guò)渡加詞等。

　　(1) Additive translation. The so-called addition of words is to add some words without form but with meaning in the original text according to the specific situation in Russian translation, so as to accurately express the original meaning, make the translated text smooth and in line with Chinese writing norms and expression habits. There are many ways to add words, such as mitigation, restriction, supplement, transition and so on.

　　必須指出，加譯的詞必須有根據，必須是語(yǔ)義、語(yǔ)法、修辭和邏輯等方面所必不可少的，而決不能憑空地、無(wú)緣無(wú)故地加添譯詞，以致畫(huà)蛇添足，損害原義。

　　It must be pointed out that the translated words must have a basis and must be indispensable in terms of semantics, grammar, rhetoric and logic. The translated words must not be added for no reason, so as to paint the snake and damage the original meaning.

　　(2)減詞譯法。所謂減詞，就是視具體情況將原文中的某些可致譯文拖泥帶水、生硬別扭的冗詞不譯，以保證譯文簡(jiǎn)潔明快、嚴謹精煉。減詞譯法涉及面很廣，有虛詞減譯、實(shí)詞減譯、邏輯減譯、修辭減譯等。減詞處理后的譯文雖然在詞量上和原文不盡一致，但句子的意義和內涵卻和原文一樣。

　　(2) Subtractive translation. The so-called word subtraction is to refuse to translate some tedious words in the original text that can cause the translation to be muddy and awkward according to the specific situation, so as to ensure that the translation is concise, concise, rigorous and refined. Word subtraction involves a wide range of translation methods, including function word subtraction, content word subtraction, logic subtraction, rhetoric subtraction and so on. Although the word quantity of the translated text after word reduction is not consistent with the original text, the meaning and connotation of the sentence are the same as the original text.

　　4.語(yǔ)序處理譯法

　　4. Word order processing and Translation

　　俄漢兩種語(yǔ)言的表達語(yǔ)序只在少數情況下才會(huì )完全相同，多數情況下是不同的。因此在俄語(yǔ)翻譯中，要盡量按照現代漢語(yǔ)邏輯和語(yǔ)法規律，對原文詞語(yǔ)的順序進(jìn)行變換和調整，以求準確地表達原文的意思，符合漢語(yǔ)表達習慣。語(yǔ)序處理譯法包括順序翻譯、逆序翻譯、綜合變序、局部換位等。

　　The expression word order of Russian and Chinese languages is exactly the same only in a few cases, but different in most cases. Therefore, in Russian translation, we should try our best to change and adjust the order of the original words in accordance with the laws of modern Chinese logic and grammar, so as to accurately express the meaning of the original text and conform to the habit of Chinese expression. Word order processing translation methods include sequential translation, reverse translation, comprehensive order change, local transposition and so on.

　　5.句型轉換譯法

　　5. Sentence pattern conversion translation

　　俄漢兩種語(yǔ)言的表達習慣也有很大差別，為使譯文能夠通暢地按漢語(yǔ)習慣表達，在進(jìn)行俄語(yǔ)翻譯時(shí)可對句子結構進(jìn)行改造。句型轉換譯法主要有主動(dòng)句和被動(dòng)句的轉換、否定句和肯定句的轉換及無(wú)人稱(chēng)句和人稱(chēng)句的轉換等。

　　There are also great differences in the expression habits between Russian and Chinese. In order to make the translation express smoothly according to Chinese habits, the sentence structure can be modified in Russian translation. The translation methods of sentence pattern conversion mainly include the conversion of active sentences and passive sentences, the conversion of negative sentences and affirmative sentences, and the conversion of unsupervised sentences and personal sentences.

　　(1)主動(dòng)句和被動(dòng)句的轉換�？萍级碚Z(yǔ)翻譯(特別是科技文獻中)被動(dòng)句用得多，而漢語(yǔ)被動(dòng)句用得少，因此翻譯時(shí)常應將被動(dòng)句改為主動(dòng)句，但個(gè)別情況也將主動(dòng)句改為被動(dòng)句。

　　(1) The conversion of active sentences and passive sentences. In scientific Russian translation (especially in scientific literature), passive sentences are used more, while Chinese passive sentences are used less. Therefore, passive sentences should often be changed into active sentences in translation, but active sentences can also be changed into passive sentences in some cases.

　　(2)否定句和肯定句的轉換。在實(shí)際的俄語(yǔ)翻譯中，為了更完整地表達出原文的內容或為了照顧漢語(yǔ)的表達習慣，常常需要對俄語(yǔ)的肯定/否定結構進(jìn)行正反處理，以求譯文嚴謹準確。

　　(2) The conversion of negative sentences and affirmative sentences. In the actual Russian translation, in order to more completely express the content of the original text or take care of the expression habits of Chinese, it is often necessary to deal with the positive / negative structure of Russian in order to make the translation rigorous and accurate.

　　3)無(wú)人稱(chēng)句和人稱(chēng)句的轉換。 無(wú)人稱(chēng)句是一種沒(méi)有主語(yǔ)、也不可能有主語(yǔ)的不完全句，句中結構只有一個(gè)主要成分—謂語(yǔ)，但謂語(yǔ)的形式表示不出人稱(chēng)的意義，因此在俄語(yǔ)翻譯過(guò)程中，為了符合漢語(yǔ)的表達邏輯和習慣，常將俄語(yǔ)的某些無(wú)人稱(chēng)句譯成人稱(chēng)句。

　　3) The conversion of "no person" sentence and "person" sentence. In the process of Russian translation, in order to conform to the expression logic and habits of Chinese, some unmanned sentences in Russian are often translated into symmetrical sentences.

　　6.分合句譯法

　　6. Split and compound sentence translation

　　俄漢語(yǔ)句子結構特點(diǎn)不同，兩種語(yǔ)言擁有的詞匯手段、語(yǔ)法手段以及修辭手段具有很大差異。因此，為使原文的內容表達得明晰確切，通順流暢，符合漢語(yǔ)的語(yǔ)法修辭習慣，在組織譯文安排句式時(shí)，常常需要作適當的分合句處理，亦即將簡(jiǎn)單句轉換成復合句，或將復合句轉換成簡(jiǎn)單句。

　　Russian and Chinese have different sentence structure characteristics, and the two languages have very different lexical means, grammatical means and rhetorical means. Therefore, in order to express the content of the original text clearly and accurately, smoothly and in line with Chinese grammar and rhetoric habits, it is often necessary to make appropriate split and compound sentence processing when organizing the sentence pattern of the translation, that is, convert simple sentences into compound sentences, or convert compound sentences into simple sentences.

　　(1)分句譯法。俄語(yǔ)中的簡(jiǎn)單句，其實(shí)并不簡(jiǎn)單。其主語(yǔ)部分同謂語(yǔ)部分、主要成分同次要成分、一個(gè)次要成分同另一個(gè)次要成分之間，常常有著(zhù)錯綜復雜的結構語(yǔ)義聯(lián)系。因此，在俄語(yǔ)翻譯過(guò)程中依據它們之間的邏輯聯(lián)系，�？砂讯碚Z(yǔ)中的一個(gè)單句合理地拆分、重組而譯成漢語(yǔ)的復合句，以使譯文條理分明，表意準確。

　　(1) Clause translation. Simple sentences in Russian are not simple. There are often complicated structural and semantic connections between the subject part and the predicate part, the main component and the same important component, and one secondary component and another secondary component. Therefore, in the process of Russian translation, according to the logical relationship between them, a single sentence in Russian can often be reasonably split and reorganized into Chinese compound sentences, so as to make the translation clear and accurate.

　　(2)合句譯法�？萍级碚Z(yǔ)翻譯組織譯文時(shí)，除需要增加句量外，有時(shí)還要注意減少句量，即按照原文上下文的語(yǔ)義關(guān)系和邏輯意義，把兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的分句合并處理成漢語(yǔ)的一個(gè)句子，以使譯文簡(jiǎn)潔緊湊，生動(dòng)耐讀。

　　(2) Combined sentence translation. When organizing the translation of scientific and technological Russian, in addition to increasing the number of sentences, sometimes we should also pay attention to reducing the number of sentences, that is, according to the semantic relationship and logical meaning of the original context, two or more clauses are combined and processed into a Chinese sentence, so as to make the translation concise, compact, dynamic and readable.

　　7.注釋說(shuō)明譯法

　　7. Notes and explanations

　　科技俄語(yǔ)翻譯時(shí)，為了說(shuō)明原作者的意圖、加深譯文讀者對原文的理解，�？墒褂米⑨屨f(shuō)明譯法，以使譯文概念明確，表意清晰。注釋說(shuō)明譯法包括前注、后注、前后注、腳注。

　　In order to explain the original author's intention and deepen the readers' understanding of the original text, annotation can often be used in scientific Russian translation, so as to make the concept of the translation clear and the meaning clear. Notes explain that the translation method includes pre notes, post notes, pre and post notes and footnotes.

　　8.重復譯法

　　8. Repeated translation

　　所謂重復譯法，就是重復譯出原文中出現的代詞或某些省略成分。重復譯法的目的主要是為了使譯文句子結構勻稱(chēng)完整，表達明確具體，不致產(chǎn)生歧義。重復譯法是常用的俄語(yǔ)翻譯方法之一。

　　The so-called repeated translation method is to repeatedly translate the pronouns or some ellipsis in the original text. The purpose of repeated translation is to make the sentence structure of the translation symmetrical and complete, express clearly and concretely, and avoid ambiguity. Repetitive translation is one of the commonly used Russian translation methods.

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