2(世博北京翻譯公司)1 32(世博北京翻譯公司). Which of the following most probably provides an appropriate analogy from human morphology for the “details” versus “constraints” distinction made in the passage in relation to human behavior? 以下哪一個(gè)選項最有可能為文章中所談到的與人類(lèi)行為有關(guān)的“人類(lèi)行為細節”相對“人類(lèi)所受限制”之間的差 異，從人類(lèi)形態(tài)的角度上提供了一個(gè)合適的類(lèi)比？ 33. Studies by Hargrave and Geen estimated natural community grazing rates by measuring feeding rates of individual zooplankton species in the laboratory and then computing community grazing rates for field conditions using the known population density of grazers. 由哈格雷夫（Hargrave）和吉恩（Geen）所進(jìn)行的研究，對自然條件下的群落捕食速率進(jìn)行了估計，其手段 是通過(guò)測量出實(shí)驗室內單獨的浮游動(dòng)物種類(lèi)的捕食速率， 然后利用已知的食草動(dòng)物種群密度， 計算出實(shí)地狀況下 的群落捕食速率。 34. In the periods of peak zooplankton abundance, that is, in the late spring and in the summer， Haney recorded maximum daily community grazing rates, for nutrient-poor lakes and bog lakes, respectively, of 6.6 percent and 114 percent of daily phytoplankton production. 在浮游動(dòng)物數量激增的高峰期，亦即在春季后期以及夏季，哈尼記錄了最大程度上的每日群落食草比率，對于營(yíng) 養物不充足的湖和沼澤湖而言，分別為每日浮游植物繁殖量的 6.6%和 114%. 35. The hydrologic cycle, a major topic in this science, is the complete cycle of phenomena through which water passes, beginning as atmospheric water vapor, passing into liquid and solid form as precipitation, thence along and into the ground surface, and finally again returning to the form of atmospheric water vapor by means of evaporation and transpiration. 水文循環(huán)（hydrologic cycle） ，作為該學(xué)科中的一個(gè)主要課題，指的是水所經(jīng)過(guò)的諸現象的整個(gè)循環(huán)過(guò)程，開(kāi) 始時(shí)是作為大氣中的水蒸氣，轉而作為雨、雪、露、雹一類(lèi)的降水量經(jīng)過(guò)液體和固體形態(tài)，由此而沿著(zhù)地層表面 分布或進(jìn)入地層表面，最終通過(guò)蒸發(fā)和散發(fā)作用再度回復到大氣水蒸氣的形態(tài)。 36. The historian Frederick J. Turner wrote in the 1890’s that the agrarian discontent that had been developing steadily in the United States since about 1870 had been precipitated by the closing of the internal frontier——that is, the depletion of available new land needed for further expansion of the American farming system. 史學(xué)家弗雷德里克.杰.特納（Frederick J.Turner）于十九世紀九十年代著(zhù)述道，美國約自 18 世紀 70 年代以 來(lái)一直在持續不斷發(fā)展的農民不滿(mǎn)，由于國內邊遠地區（internal frontier）的封閉而更趨加劇——亦即是說(shuō)， 美國農業(yè)系統進(jìn)一步擴展所必需的可資利用的新土地幾近耗竭。 37. In the early 1950’s，historians who studied preindustrial Europe （which we may define here as Europe in the period from roughly 1300 to 1800） began， for the first time in large numbers, to investigate more of the preindustrial European population than the 2(世博北京翻譯公司) or 3 percent who comprised the political and social elite: the kings, generals, judges, nobles, bishops, and local magnates who had hitherto usually filled history books. 難句類(lèi)型：復雜修飾、插入語(yǔ) 譯文：二十世紀五十年代早期，研究前工業(yè)化時(shí)代歐洲（此處我們可將其界定為約自 1300 年至 1800 年這一時(shí) 期的歐洲）的史學(xué)家，首次以眾多的人數（楊鵬的書(shū)中：第一次以大量的數據） ，開(kāi)始調查前工業(yè)化時(shí)代歐洲人 口中的大多數，而非那些構成了政治與社會(huì )精英階層的百分之二或三的人口，即國王、將軍、法官、貴族、主教、 以及地方上的達官顯貴，而正是這部分人一直到那時(shí)為止普遍充斥于史學(xué)著(zhù)作。 38. Even the requirement that biomaterials processed from these materials be nontoxic to host tissue can be met by techniques derived from studying the reactions of tissue cultures to biomaterials or from short-term implants. 即使是這樣的要求， 即從這些材料中加工出來(lái)的生物材料應該對受移植者的組織無(wú)害， 也能夠通過(guò)從研究組織培 養對生物材料的反應而來(lái)的，或從研究短期移植而來(lái)的技術(shù)來(lái)滿(mǎn)足。 39. But achieving necessary matches in physical properties across interfaces between living and nonliving matter requires knowledge of which molecules control the bonding of cells to each 2(世博北京翻譯公司)1  

2(世博北京翻譯公司)2(世博北京翻譯公司) other—an area that we have not yet explored thoroughly. 但是，要想沿著(zhù)原生和非原生物質(zhì)之間的界面獲取生理特性的必要匹配，需要某種知識，即什幺樣的分子控制著(zhù) 細胞彼此間的結合——而對這一領(lǐng)域，我們尚未進(jìn)行充分的探索。 40. Islamic law is a phenomenon so different from all other forms of law—notwithstanding, of course, a considerable and inevitable number of coincidences with one or the other of them as far as subject matter and positive enactments are concerned—that its study is indispensable in order to appreciate adequately the full range of possible legal phenomena. 伊斯蘭法是一種如此不同于所有其它法律形式的現象——毋庸置疑，盡管就其主要內容和有積極意義的法規而 言， 與其它法律形式中的這種或那種形式存在著(zhù)相當數量的且不可避免的巧合相似之處——以致于對它進(jìn)行研究 便顯得不可或缺，以便充分理解有可能存在的法律現象的全部范圍。 41. （Both Jewish law and canon law are more uniform than Islamic law.） Though historically there is a discernible break between Jewish law of the sovereign state of ancient Israel and of the Diaspora （the dispersion of Jewish people after the conquest of Israel） the spirit of the legal ， matter in later parts of the Old Testament is very close to that of the Talmud， one of the primary codifications of Jewish law in the Diaspora. 盡管從歷史角度來(lái)看，在古代以色列作為獨立主權國家的猶太教法與大流散時(shí)期（Diaspora，即以色列被征服 后古代猶太人被巴比倫人逐出故土）的猶太教法之間存在著(zhù)一個(gè)明晰可辨的斷裂，然則， 《舊約全書(shū)》 （Old Testament）后半部分中法律內容的精神與《猶太教法典》 （Talmud）極為一脈相承，而所謂的《猶太教法典》 ， 是指大流散時(shí)期猶太教法的主要典籍輯錄之一。 42(世博北京翻譯公司). Islam, on the other hand, represented a radical breakaway from the Arab paganism that preceded it; Islamic law is the result of an examination, from a religious angle, (examination) of legal subject matter that was far from uniform, comprising as it did the various components of the laws of pre-Islamic Arabia and numerous legal elements taken over from the non-Arab peoples of the conquered territories. (as it did )實(shí)際上是一句插入語(yǔ)。 另一方面，伊斯蘭教則代表著(zhù)與此前存在的阿拉伯異教（Arab paganism）的一種根本上的決裂；伊斯蘭法是 從宗教的角度，對各種雜亂無(wú)章、絕無(wú)共同點(diǎn)的法律內容進(jìn)行考察所致的結果，而這些法律內容實(shí)際上是由前伊 斯蘭阿拉伯國家（Pre-Islamic Arabia）法律的不盡相同的組成部分以及由從被征服的土地上非阿拉伯民族借 鑒過(guò)來(lái)的無(wú)數法律因素所構成。 43. One such novel idea is that (idea) of inserting into the chromosomes of plants discrete genes that are not a part of the plants’ natural constitution; specifically, the idea of inserting into nonleguminous plants the genes, if they can be identified and isolated, that fit the leguminous plants to be hosts for nitrogen-fixing bacteria. Hence, (there is ) the intensified research on legumes. 這其中的一個(gè)新穎思想就是，在植物的染色體（chromosome）內注入并非是該植物自然構造一個(gè)部分的那些 不相關(guān)聯(lián)的因基：具體而言，這一思想是，在非豆科植物內注入這樣一些基因，倘若這些基因可被辨識出來(lái)并被 分離開(kāi)來(lái)，而這些基因業(yè)已使豆科植物宜于充當那些具備固氮作用的細菌的寄主。由此，對豆科植物的研究日趨 深入。 44. It is one of nature’s great ironies that the availability of nitrogen in the soil frequently sets an upper limit on plant growth even though the plants’ leaves are bathed in a sea of nitrogen gas. 下述情形真可謂是自然界的一個(gè)莫大諷刺： 土壤中所能獲得的氮肥量往往對植物的生長(cháng)構成了一個(gè)上限， 雖然植 物的葉子被沐浴在一片氮氣的海洋中。 45. Unless they succeed，the yield gains of the Green Revolution will be largely lost even if the genes in legumes that equip those plants to enter into a symbiosis with nitrogen fixers are identified and isolated，and even if the transfer of those gene complexes，once they are found， becomes possible. 除非他們能取得成功，不然的話(huà)，綠色革命的產(chǎn)量收益將在很大程度上損失殆盡，即使豆科植物中使這些植物有 條件進(jìn)入到與固氮細菌共生關(guān)系的基因可被辨識出來(lái)和分離開(kāi)來(lái)的話(huà)，且即使這些基因綜合體（gene 2(世博北京翻譯公司)2(世博北京翻譯公司)   翻譯公司 (責任編輯：世博翻譯公司)