TRANSLATION LEARNING 16 ） There are many wonderful stories to tell about the places I visited and the people I met. 17 ） Mama Torres, a lean, dry woman with ancient eyes, had ruled the farm for ten years, ever since her husband tripped over a stone in the field one day and fell full length on a rattle snake. 2(世博北京翻譯公司) 、 英語(yǔ)中表示手段的 “ by+ 動(dòng)名詞 ” 短語(yǔ)常常置于表示結果的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之后，譯成漢語(yǔ)時(shí)要 將其移至原謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之前。 例如 ： 18 ） (While he was awaiting trial and certain hanging, Sheppard broke out of Newgate Prison.) He accomplished this by getting rid of the irons with which his wrists and ankles were shackled, cutting through a double grille of oak and iron bars, descending twenty-five feet by a knotted sheet and blanket, and climbing a twenty-two-foot wall. 二、 按照邏輯順序進(jìn)行調整 漢語(yǔ)語(yǔ)序主要靠邏輯思維而定，多按邏輯順序有因到果、由假設到推論、由事實(shí)到結論、由條件到 結果進(jìn)行排列；特別是在不用關(guān)聯(lián)詞的時(shí)候，句中的句法關(guān)系更需要通過(guò)語(yǔ)序方可辨認得出。但有 時(shí)漢語(yǔ)也會(huì )通過(guò)使用各種關(guān)聯(lián)詞語(yǔ)按照相反的順序來(lái)組織句子。英漢語(yǔ)在按照邏輯思維組句時(shí)有同 有異，因此翻譯這類(lèi)句子時(shí)也可相應地采用順譯法和逆譯法。例如： 18 ） When I called home, I would exaggerate the accomplishments of other people in show business, because I knew my mother would have liked to see me in a steadier line of work. 19 ） 知己知彼，百戰不殆。 三、根據信息中心進(jìn)行調整 一般而言，句子通常由已知信息和新信息構成，新信息是指信息發(fā)出者想要信息接受者了解的信息， 因而構成句子的信息重心。英漢都有表示信息重心的特殊手段，如英語(yǔ)中常用 “ It is/was…that…”, “not …but…” 等強調句型，漢語(yǔ)也常用 “… 的是 …”, “… 之所以 … 是因為…” 之類(lèi)的句型強調說(shuō)話(huà)者所要表達的重要信息，為突出句中的信息重心，翻譯時(shí)通常要改 變原句語(yǔ)序，把原句中的某個(gè)成分提前或置后。例如 ： 2(世博北京翻譯公司)0 ） Defiantly they have spoken, but submissively they will accept the terms. 2(世博北京翻譯公司)1 ） The two neighboring countries, China and India, with the largest populations in the world, are bound by thousands of years of civilization and achievement. 例 2(世博北京翻譯公司)2(世博北京翻譯公司) ，80 年前，在中國各族人民反帝反封建的壯闊斗爭中，在世界無(wú)產(chǎn)階級革命的澎湃運動(dòng)中， 中國共產(chǎn)黨成立了。 四、根據搭配的需要進(jìn)行調整 英譯漢時(shí)原句各成分之間的搭配貼切自然，但已成漢語(yǔ)后，若保留原句語(yǔ)序，按原句原封不動(dòng)的譯 出，則可能搭配不當，需要調整譯句中相關(guān)成分在句中的位置，符合漢語(yǔ)的表達習慣。例如： 2(世博北京翻譯公司)3 ） That was a principle that Apple tragically failed to understand when it backed off from licensing its graphic computer interface, assuring that its market share would be savaged by Microsoft's more open Window operating system. 2(世博北京翻譯公司)4) 中國必將實(shí)現現代化，這使西方某些人越來(lái)越不安。 2(世博北京翻譯公司)5) George Osborne looked at the two young women with a touched curiosity. 2(世博北京翻譯公司)6) I buried my head under the miserable sheet and rug, and cried like a child. 2(世博北京翻譯公司)7) For example, a young woman who had difficulty studying made dramatic strides when she got a better desk lamp and moved her desk away from her bed. 2(世博北京翻譯公司)8) A fresh cover of snow lightly blankets the tracks of yesterday, where my children have made snow angels and rolled down Grandpa's back-yard hill, spreading winter's magical frosting from head to toe. 15  

TRANSLATION LEARNING 第九章： 第九章：英漢篇章的翻譯 一、教學(xué)內容： 英漢篇章對比；段內連貫；段際連貫；篇章的語(yǔ)域。 二、教學(xué)要求： 篇章翻譯要兼顧段內、段際的銜接與照應以及語(yǔ)域等問(wèn)題，以達到通篇的連貫，要有全局觀(guān)念，使 譯文一氣呵成，不留明顯的翻譯痕跡。 三、教具準備： 多媒體課件 四、教學(xué)過(guò)程： 9.1 英漢篇章對比 英語(yǔ)篇章是開(kāi)門(mén)見(jiàn)山，直奔主題，章法是由 introduction ， body 和 conclusion 構成。而漢語(yǔ)篇章 則是迂回曲折，委婉含蓄，其是章法講究起承轉合。 一、英漢段落結構對比 英語(yǔ)段落：用例證方式展開(kāi)。例如： 1 ） Many examples of a connection between “right” and “straight” can be found. In Mexican Spanish you indicate straight (ahead) by saying “right right”; in Black American English, “right on” is an expression of approval, often for a sentiment eloquently or deftly phrased. “Straight” meaning conventional, “correct” or “proper” is a commonplace in colloquial English today. In Russian, right is “prava”, a cognate of “pravda”, which means “true”. And in many languages “true” has the additional meaning of “straight” or “accurate”, as in “his aim was true”. 漢語(yǔ)段落：主題句不明顯；段尾可引出新主題。例如： 現在的寫(xiě)作已不再是一些專(zhuān)門(mén)家的事情，而是越來(lái)越社會(huì )化、生活化，這當然很好。 “ 作家 ”如 今更多地被賦予職業(yè)的意義，它標明的僅僅是一個(gè)職業(yè)而已。只要是寫(xiě)了一點(diǎn)作品、或者有這個(gè)努 力和愛(ài)好的，都被他視和自視為 “ 作家 ” 。與其他行當和職業(yè)不同，如從來(lái)沒(méi)有把股長(cháng)或科長(cháng)廳 長(cháng)說(shuō)成是政治家，也沒(méi)有把一個(gè)在部隊干的人叫成軍事家。作家在職業(yè)的意義上被如此輕浮地界定， 事出有因。所以現在，妓女、商人、政客、主持人、藝人、殺人犯、道德家，無(wú)論各行各業(yè)的人都 可以因為自己的理由去寫(xiě)作，并產(chǎn)生賣(mài)點(diǎn)，成為“ 名作家 ” 。從商品社會(huì )里看，這很正常。美國一 個(gè)殺人犯，出來(lái)后把殺人的過(guò)程寫(xiě)出來(lái)，暢銷(xiāo)并已致富。原來(lái)此刻一切都是為了賣(mài)，能賣(mài)即是成功。 ---- 張煒：精神的背景 —— 消費時(shí)代的寫(xiě)作和出版 二、英漢篇章結構對比 （一）英語(yǔ)篇章的主題分布在段落中，敘述方式是層層遞進(jìn)，直線(xiàn)展開(kāi)。 例如： 2(世博北京翻譯公司) ） Intercultural communication is an interdisciplinary field of study which incorporates research from disciplines such as social psychology, sociology, cultural anthropology, socio-linguistics, and, of course, communication. One of the most important areas of research addressed by intercultural scholars is how misunderstandings can be minimized when people communicate with others from different cultures. First, context is very important to understanding intercultural communication. There are two ways individuals use context in communication: one is low-context and the other is high-context. Low-context communication is like a computer program; everything must be specified in the coded message or the computer program will not run. In a low-context culture like the United States, individuals must express themselves as explicitly as possible for effective communication to occur. high-context communication, in contrast, is like communication between twins who were raised together. Twins intuitively understand each other and use shortened sentences and words when they talk. 譯文： 16   翻譯公司 (責任編輯：世博翻譯公司)