轉換(1(世博英文翻譯公司))
由于英漢兩種語(yǔ)言在語(yǔ)法和表達方式等方面存在著(zhù)許多差異,因此英譯漢時(shí)常常有必要改變表達方式,使譯文通順流暢、地道可讀。這種變通技巧就是轉換法(shift of perspective)。轉換的形式多種多樣,大體可分為7種:①詞類(lèi)轉換,②句子成分轉換,③表達方式轉換,④自然語(yǔ)序與倒裝語(yǔ)序轉換;⑤正面表達與反面表達轉換,⑥主動(dòng)式與被動(dòng)式轉換,⑦分句轉換。
一、詞類(lèi)轉換
詞類(lèi)轉換是指譯入語(yǔ)中的某一詞類(lèi)譯成漢語(yǔ)時(shí)轉換成另一詞類(lèi)。
(一) 英語(yǔ)名詞、介詞、形容詞或副詞轉換為漢語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞
(1(世博英文翻譯公司)) The cultivation of a hobby and new forms of interest is therefore a policy of first importance to a public man. 因此,對于一個(gè)從事社會(huì )活動(dòng)的人來(lái)講,培養一種愛(ài)好和新的情趣方式,乃是至關(guān)重要的對策。
(2) The Red Army Men marched on bravely against the piercing wind. 紅軍冒著(zhù)刺骨的寒風(fēng)英勇前進(jìn)。
(3(世博北京翻譯公司)) All were unconscious that this experience was a test of character; and, when the first excitement was over, felt that they had done well, and deserved praise. 大家都沒(méi)有認識到這番經(jīng)驗卻是一次個(gè)性的考驗,最初的興奮過(guò)去以后,又覺(jué)得自己已經(jīng)干得不錯了,理應受到贊揚。
(4) He appeared at her side, breathing audibly, a moment after she reached the stop. She gazed ahead, rigid. 她到車(chē)站不一會(huì )兒,他便出現在她的身旁,聽(tīng)見(jiàn)他喘息的聲音。她凝視著(zhù)前方,表情嚴峻。
(5) Yet to both classes the need of an alternative outlook, of a change of atmosphere, of a diversion of effort, is essential. 然而,對所有這兩種類(lèi)型的人來(lái)說(shuō),變換一下看法、改變一下環(huán)境和轉換一下注意力都是最基本的需要。
(6) …and it was on the first stage of this journey, in Kenya, that she received the news of her father's death and her own accession to the throne. ……就在此行的第一站肯尼亞,她接到了父親去世并由她本人繼承王位的消息。
(二) 英語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞、副詞轉換為漢語(yǔ)名詞、形容詞
(1(世博英文翻譯公司)) The inflammation is characterized by red, swelling, fever, and pain. 炎癥的特點(diǎn)是紅、腫、熱、痛。
(2) The visiting guests were escorted to the Yellow Crane Tower last Sunday. 上星期天,來(lái)訪(fǎng)的客人和陪同人員一起參觀(guān)了黃鶴樓。
(3(世博北京翻譯公司)) Our government shows great concern for the Chinese residents abroad. 我國政府十分關(guān)心海外華僑。
(4) Formality has always characterized their relationship. 他們之間的關(guān)系,有一個(gè)特點(diǎn),就是以禮相待。
(5) Most US spy satellites are designed to burn up in the earth's atmosphere after completing their missions. 美國絕大多數間諜衛星,按其設計,是在完成使命后,在大氣層中焚毀。
(三) 英語(yǔ)名詞轉換為漢語(yǔ)形容詞、副詞
(1(世博英文翻譯公司)) He added: "I understand and respect those views, but I deeply believe in the correctness of my decision." 他還說(shuō):"我理解并尊重他們的看法,但我深信我的決定是正確的。"
(2) They came back game and glee. 他們興高采烈地回來(lái)了。
在漢英翻譯中可進(jìn)行各種詞類(lèi)的轉換,其中,漢語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞轉換為英語(yǔ)名詞尤為普遍。
中國政府承諾不對無(wú)核國家使用核武器。
The Chinese government undertakes non-use of nuclear weapons against non-nuclear countries.
海峽兩岸同胞的交流不斷加強,最終解決臺灣問(wèn)題、完成祖國統一必將實(shí)現。
The ultimate resolution to the Taiwan issue and the accomplishment of the reunification of the motherland are bound to come true.
二、 句子成分轉換
句子成分轉換是指英語(yǔ)中的某一句子成分譯成漢語(yǔ)時(shí)轉換成另一種句子成分。句子成分轉換在主語(yǔ)、謂語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)和補語(yǔ)之間展開(kāi)。例如:
(1(世博英文翻譯公司)) You can always tell the somebodies from the nobodies at a cocktail party. The somebodies come late.在雞尾酒會(huì )上人們常??梢钥闯龃笕宋锖蜔o(wú)名小卒來(lái)。那些遲到的就是大人物。(主語(yǔ)轉換為表語(yǔ);謂語(yǔ)轉換為主語(yǔ))
(2) With the fear of largely imaginary plots against his leadership, his self-confidence seemed totally to desert him.
由于害怕有人陰謀推翻他的領(lǐng)導,他似乎完全喪失了自信。但所謂的陰謀在很大程度上是他自己假想出來(lái)的。(主語(yǔ)轉換為賓語(yǔ),賓語(yǔ)轉換為主語(yǔ))
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