抽象詞、抽象詞組、比喻

就像她在《致普通讀者》一書(shū)中所表達的那樣，“盡管可以毫無(wú)疑問(wèn)的說(shuō)，沒(méi)有任何法律被指定出來(lái)，也沒(méi)有任何高樓大廈被建立起來(lái)是因為喬叟說(shuō)了什么或者寫(xiě)了什么；然而，當我們讀它的書(shū)的時(shí)候，我們身上每一個(gè)毛孔都充滿(mǎn)了道德”

這句話(huà)不但用了詞抽象，還用了比喻的修辭手法。是指沒(méi)有因為喬叟的言論而產(chǎn)生任何實(shí)際的行為規則或政治機構，但我們受其影響之深，以及其影響力之大。

As she put it in The Common Reader , “It is safe to say that not a single law has been framed or one stone set upon another because of anything Chaucer said or wrote ; and yet , as we read him , we are absorbing morality at every pore .”

6. With the conclusion of a burst activity , the lactic acid level is high in the body fluids , leaving the large animal vulnerable to attack until the acid is reconverted , via oxidative metabolism , by the liver into glucose , which is then sent (in part )back to the muscles for glycogen synthesis.（4+）

難句類(lèi)型：復雜修飾、插入語(yǔ)、專(zhuān)有名詞

譯文：隨著(zhù)爆發(fā)出來(lái)的運動(dòng)的結束，再體液中乳酸含量會(huì )變得很高，使得大型動(dòng)物處于容易受到攻擊的狀態(tài)，直到乳酸通過(guò)有氧新陳代謝，被肝臟轉化成（convert into）葡萄糖，而葡萄糖接下來(lái)又會(huì )（部分）傳送回肌肉中重新合成糖原 。

解釋?zhuān)罕揪渲行揎棾煞謽O多，以分詞修飾和介詞結構修飾為主，作各種類(lèi)型的狀語(yǔ)。前面的狀語(yǔ)和主句還好理解，從leaving開(kāi)始句子變難；leaving引導的直到句末的結構來(lái)做整個(gè)句子的狀語(yǔ)；分詞中又包含了三個(gè)狀語(yǔ)，其中的兩個(gè)via oxidative metabolism by the liver又起到了插入語(yǔ)的作用，把be converted into拆成兩段。

本句的另外一個(gè)特征是其中充斥著(zhù)專(zhuān)有名詞。其中的body fluids, oxidative和synthesis通過(guò)字面的意思或者根據詞頭、詞根我們還是應該猜出其意思的，lactic acid, metabolism和muscle這三個(gè)詞在生物類(lèi)文章中極其常用，大家應該背下來(lái)；而glycogen這種東西則沒(méi)辦法，只能作一個(gè)首字母提煉。但是請記住，GRE和GMAT文章中只要出現了這種專(zhuān)有名詞，出題者是一定會(huì )在文章中把它在文章中所乃至的詞義解釋清楚的，所以讀者遇到文章中做了解釋的專(zhuān)有名詞，應該力求把解釋看懂。

意群訓練：With the conclusion of a burst activity , the lactic acid level is high in the body fluids , leaving the large animal vulnerable to attack until the acid is reconverted , via oxidative metabolism , by the liver into glucose , which is then sent (in part )back to the muscles for glycogen synthesis .

7. Although Gutman admits that forced separation by sale was frequent, he shows that the slaves’ preference, revealed most clearly on plantations where sale was infrequent, was very much for stable monogamy. （3+）

難句類(lèi)型：插入語(yǔ)

譯文：雖然古特曼承認，由于奴隸買(mǎi)賣(mài)而造成的被迫離散甚為頻繁，但他還是證明，奴隸的偏愛(ài)——在那些奴隸買(mǎi)賣(mài)并不頻繁的種植園上被最為顯著(zhù)地揭示出來(lái)——在很大程度上側重于穩定的一夫一妻制（monogamy）。

解釋?zhuān)罕揪渲胁迦胝Z(yǔ)的使用revealed most clearly on plantations where sale was infrequent, 后半個(gè)分句中的主語(yǔ)that slaves' preference與系動(dòng)詞was離得太遠，造成閱讀的困難。

意群訓練：Although Gutman admits that forced separation by sale was frequent, he shows that the slaves’ preference, revealed most clearly on plantations where sale was infrequent, was very much for stable monogamy.

8. Gutman argues convincingly that the stability of the Black family encouraged　the transmission of-and so was crucial in sustaining-the Black heritage of folklore, music, and religious expression from one generation to another, a heritage that slaves were continually fashioning out of their African and American experiences. （4）

難句類(lèi)型：復雜修飾、插入語(yǔ)

譯文：古特曼人令人信服地論辨道，黑人家庭的穩定有助于包括民間傳說(shuō)、音樂(lè )、及宗教表達在內的黑人文化遺產(chǎn)一代一代傳遞下去，因而在維持文化遺產(chǎn)方面也起著(zhù)至關(guān)重要的作用，而對于這種文化遺產(chǎn)，黑奴們不斷地從其非洲和美洲的經(jīng)歷中予以豐富發(fā)展。

解釋?zhuān)河蓆hat引導的賓語(yǔ)從句中，encouraged的賓語(yǔ)the transmission of the Black heritage被同時(shí)表示并列和轉折的and so 分開(kāi)，給讀者造成了閱讀上和理解上的困難。最后一個(gè)逗號后面的部分是修飾前面的black heritage的同位語(yǔ)。

意群訓練：Gutman argues convincingly that the stability of the Black family encouraged　the transmission of-and so was crucial in sustaining-the Black heritage of folklore, music, and religious expression from one generation to another, a heritage that slaves were continually fashioning out of their African and American experiences. 翻譯公司 (責任編輯：世博翻譯公司)