(4) The scene is a dramatic reenactment of one among thousands of spontaneous that led up to the revolution. 這個(gè)非同尋常的事件,只不過(guò)是最終導致革命的千萬(wàn)個(gè)自發(fā)行動(dòng)之一。(dramatic reenactment如具體化翻譯就是"戲劇的再現")
(5) Cyrus Vance has always been a clean-desk man, so it did not take him long to prepare to leave Washington. 萬(wàn)斯辦事向來(lái)有條不紊, 因此, 他并沒(méi)花大量的時(shí)間就作好了離開(kāi)華盛頓的準備。
(6)Don't worry about it, for the project is on the fire.別擔心,他們正在審議這個(gè)計劃呢。
二、具體化
具體化(specification)是指采用明確具體的方式來(lái)翻譯原文中較為概略化的表達。英語(yǔ)原文中有不少詞語(yǔ)乃至整個(gè)句子的字面意義非常抽象、籠統、概括和空泛,如對等譯成漢語(yǔ),不但譯文難以表達出原作者的真正意圖,而且譯文語(yǔ)義也會(huì )含糊不清,很難給讀者一個(gè)準確的概念。遇到這種情況時(shí),譯者可以、甚至必須根據具體的語(yǔ)言環(huán)境和上下文的事理聯(lián)系,把這些字面意義捉摸不定的詞句用漢語(yǔ)里含意明確具體的詞句加以表達,使原文比較抽象的表達方式變得比較實(shí)在、比較空泛的變得比較具體、比較籠統的變得比較明確。
具體化翻譯涉及的范圍較廣,大致可分為以下幾種情況:
A. 抽象概念具體化。英語(yǔ)中經(jīng)常使用一些含義抽象的詞句,但從上下文的邏輯來(lái)看,作者的本意是在表達具體概念,因此翻譯時(shí)應選用含義明確的漢語(yǔ),還其本來(lái)的面目。例如:
(1(世博英文翻譯公司))For anti-aircraft and anti-missile applications considerable importance must attributed to an unmanned fully automatic gun and to a substantial reserve of ready use ammunition which can be fired without human intervention.在防空和反導彈戰斗中,必須強調以下兩個(gè)因素的重大作用:一是無(wú)人操作的全自動(dòng)火炮;二是勿需人工裝填、隨時(shí)可以發(fā)射的大量備用彈藥。
(2) You may have read stories in which the hero gets into his spaceship and"blasts off"into the outer reaches of space without a worry about fuel.你大概讀過(guò)這樣一些故事吧。它們描寫(xiě)一個(gè)英雄坐上飛船,"風(fēng)馳電掣",直沖九宵云外,毋須為燃料擔心發(fā)愁。
(3(世博北京翻譯公司)) Vietnam was his entree to the new administration, his third incarna-tion as a foreign policy consultant.越南戰爭成了他進(jìn)入新政府的敲門(mén)磚。他擔任政府的對外政策顧問(wèn),那是第三次了。
(4) Where a railway crosses a navigable water way, and it is impossible to lift the line high enough for vessels to pass underneath without interception, a bridge must be built which is capable of being opened in order to allow the river or canal traffic to pass.在鐵路經(jīng)過(guò)通航河道的地方,如果那時(shí)不可能做到把線(xiàn)路升高到使船只在下面不受阻礙地通過(guò)的話(huà),就必須把橋梁修成開(kāi)啟式的,以便江河或運河里的船只通過(guò)。
B. 概括或籠統概念具體化。有時(shí)原文作者用一些含義概括或籠統的詞句來(lái)表達某一具體的事物、行為或情況,如按字面直譯會(huì )使譯者有隔霧觀(guān)花之感。而且也不可能盡如作者愿意。這時(shí)就有必要用明確具體的詞句把原文的具體含義表達出來(lái)。例如:
(1(世博英文翻譯公司)) A modern frigate or destroyer could well use up all her surface-to-air missiles in the first hours of a serious large-scale encounter.在一場(chǎng)大規模的??諔鸲返淖畛鯉讉€(gè)小時(shí)內,現代護衛艦或驅逐艦就可能將艦載的全部艦對空導彈消耗殆盡。(字面意義為"沖突")
(2) Many men have recognized the similarity of plants to the behavior of animals, and have dreamed wistfully, but forlornly, upon some method or source of rejuvenation such as Ponce de Leon sought in the Fountain of Youth several centuries ago.許多人認為,植物的習性與動(dòng)物相似,于是夢(mèng)寐以求地去探索什?quot;返老還童"的"靈丹妙藥",就象數百年前彭斯德?利昂在青春泉祈求仙水一樣,結果只能是竹籃打水一場(chǎng)空。
(3(世博北京翻譯公司)) What is known is that weight extremes in either direction are definitely unhealthy.眾所周知,過(guò)度肥胖或消瘦肯定是不健康的。(字面意義為"體重的兩個(gè)極端")
(4) Administrating this fluid intravenously will fill up the deficiency in potassium.靜脈滴注這種液體可以補充體內鉀的不足。(administrating字面意義為"給予")
C. 廣義詞詞義具體化。英語(yǔ)中有少數詞使用廣泛、搭配靈活,但其字面意義卻頗為籠統和廣泛。翻譯時(shí),必須根據其特定的上下文來(lái)確定其意義,然后選擇具體的方式予以表達出來(lái)。例如:
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